Easy2Siksha.com
   2023
/  
 
(


– VI)
 : 3   :100
:     ,            
           

I.    ()        X   
       :
X
50
45
70
75
90
55
100
120
135
130
Y
60
80
100
130
140
160
180
200
220
240
II.(a)   ,       
()       

III.() -    
()          
IV.(a)    ?        120     
      100         
Easy2Siksha.com
 ,   116     15       ?
5%     
() BLUE (   )   
-
V.    ?       ,  
  ?
VL (a)        ?
()         
-
VII. ()          
()            
 
VIII. (a)       
()              
   
Easy2Siksha.com
   2023
/  
 
(


– VI)
 : 3   :100
:     ,            
          

I.    ()        X   
       :
X
50
45
70
75
90
55
100
120
135
130
Y
60
80
100
130
140
160
180
200
220
240
: 1:    ()   
              :
   
 
  
 ,            ,    
 
    :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              ?
   ()     
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  
                  
:

:
=  (X    Y = 0)
=  (Y  1     X     )
                 
    ( X   X    )
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
  ?
:
      
     
      
 OLS    :
      
      
 
  
 2:   
 X     Y  X        
X
70
75
90
55
100
120
135
130
Y
100
130
140
160
180
200
220
240
      :

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 3: Y  X    
  :
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜

  :
X  
Y  

 1:    

X   = 50+45+70+75+90+55+100+120+135+130 = 870
 
 Y:
Y   = 60+80+100+130+140+160+180+200+220+240 = 1510
 
 2:     
   :

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Y   
( )
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜 
󰇛
󰇜

 3:    



 4:    

 󰇛 󰇜
 

  
 
 4:  (    )
          
󷄧󷄫 (0.501)
 Y  1     ,  X   0.5     
 X    Y      
󷄧󷄬 (11.34)
 Y = 0,  X ≈ 11.34
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( Y             ,   
      )
 5:     
OLS       :
   
  
  
   
:
  
  
  
 6:  
          :
   Y
   X
     OLS            
    ,    
 7:    
         :
1.    = 0
2.  X   =  X  
3.      
󰇛
󰇜
4.      
5.    
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  ( )
   () :
             
                 
     -           
     
       X     , Y  X     :

:
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜


 ,   :
 
II.(a)   ,       
()       
:()   ,    
1.    
               
,          ,    
      
    (  , "      ")
    (  ,  )
              
,       ,       
   
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2.   
    ,          :
  :  ,       ?
:        ,   
  
 :          
 :     ,     
          
 :   ,        
 
 ,    ""  -      ,  
        
3.   
         :
1.    
o     :     
o      : 󰇛󰇜
2.    
o         :

   ?
3.   
o     (    )  
4.   
o         ( )  

5.  
o             
 ?
6.    
o              
      
7. 
o           ,    
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:         10%      8%  
 ,              
(b)    
         ,      
 
1. 
             :
   (       )
   (           )
  :

=   (, )
=   (, )
=  (  )
=  (1        )
=   (         )
2. 
    ()         
OLS,                

    ,         "   " 
3. 
     :
 
 ():     ,  50 (   )  
 ():       ,  0.8     
              
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4.   
      ,     :
    
   
      
    ()
   
      ,        
5. 
:     
:    
:     
:      

              
            
  ,  ,        

                , 
                , 
        

III.() -    
()          
:III.(a) -  -  
                 
                 
                
     :
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󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           ?
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         ?
   -     
󽆤     (  )
  :
       ,     ()
      ()  
  - 
    (BLUE)”  -- 
󷄧󷄫
      (  )     
:

,          
󷄧󷄬
      ,     
  :               
  -   ,        
          
󷄧󷄭
 ""     
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     -       
 -   ( ),     
-   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    , OLS        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
󽆤  ( )
-          :
1.     
2.    = 0 
3.       ()
4.   
5.    
     OLS  
󽆤   
        :
       
         
      
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔-  ,            
        :
"      ,        
   "
III.(b) R²    
       
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     ,      :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         ?
     
󽆤( )
  :
                ?
:  R² = 0.80 →     80%        

    
󽆤  ()
Explained variation
Total variation
: 0 ≤ R² ≤ 1
0 →     
1 →  
󽆤R   ²
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔               

: =    +   
     ,     
    
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󽆤 R²  
     
     :
  
 
               
󽆤 
     
     
  
󽆤   ²  ²



    
   
    
  
    
   






  
  
󽆤   
    
 
    
   
  
   
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 
   
      
      
   
󽆤   
             :





      :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
   
󽆤 
- :
        ,     
 () ,             
               
    
R²:
                 
     ,       
 R²:
              
                
 
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:
     ,     ,
             , 
       
IV.(a)    ?        120     
      100         
 ,   116     15       ?
5%     
() BLUE (   )   
:()  
   ?
               
           ()     
      ,            
         
   :
 (H₀):      
  (H₁):  ,         H₀ 
   
               (5% 
   )            ,   H₀
   
  
:       120          
100    :
  = 116   
  = 15 
  (n) = 100
  = 5%
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 1:  
H₀: μ = 120 (   120 / )
H₁: μ ≠ 120 (   120 /  )
  -              (    
 )
 2:     
 -           (n = 100)
:
:
( )
(   )
( )

 







 3: 5%    
5%   -    :
 z- = ±1.96
 4: 
 z = -2.67
 -2.67 < -1.96,       
:               120
      () 
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    
     ,           
      ,           
      
(b)     
      : 
  ?
 ,    (     )    ,  
       :
:  ( )
:      
:,       
:        
      ()      
OLS    (- )
-       ( ,   ,  
     )  ,     

:       
:        
:    ,      ,   
   
  BLUE  
     (X)   (Y)       :

OLS       
   ,      (  )
     
          
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 ,  

 :             
         , 120 /    
       (116) 5%     
:  OLS          (
),     ,        
 
 ,               ,
 BLUE            
      
 -
V.    ?       ,  
  ?
:   ?
                  
             :

󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
      ,       ,    
      ,    -  
                  
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔               
  
 
                 
    
Easy2Siksha.com
,         ,      

     ( )
            -   
        ,           

     :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
   ()
             
    
1.      
-              
:



            -  
2.    
-       
:

 
- 
Easy2Siksha.com
  =  + -,       
3.      
   ,      
:




        
4.  
        
: :
 = 1  
 = 1  
            :  +  = 1

5.     
      ,         
   ()
           
1.     
Easy2Siksha.com
        
:  :    = 2000,  :    = 500
     
2.     
        ,    
 
:        ,    
   
3.      
    ,        
 
4.    t-
   
  :
  (        )
    
?            
5.   
                
  
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1.  
  
: X₃ = X₁ + X₂
       
2.  
       ,    
  
   
  :       ?
1.   
       
  > 0.8  0.9    
:
(, ) = 0.92 → 
:      ,    
2.    ()
    
  :               
 :
VIF = 1 →   
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VIF > 5 → 
VIF > 10 →  
3.  
 = 1 / VIF
:  < 0.1 →  
4.   t-
            
       
5.  /  
     
:   > 30 →  
  
   
      󺋿󺋼󺌀󺋽󺋾
1.       
      ,     
2.    
    
: -  
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3.    
      
4.   ( )  
-  
5.    
             
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 =    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔, ,        
VL (a)        ?
()         
:()      
   ?
                 
 ,        ,       
      ,     ,     
      
   
1.    
o              
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o :      ,       
 
o :               
 ,      
2.    
o          
o :         
o :           ( )
3.   
o      
o :         
o :     ,      
4.  
o        
o :            

o :        
5.     
o         
o :       ,      
   
o :        
   
 :     
 :    ,     
  :-  -    
 :     
  :         
 :        ,    
 
()      
   ?
  ,                
:      ( )
 :        
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:    ,          
   
      ?
     ,       
     ,     
     (, )    
   
1.  
o        
o           ,     
2. -
o               
o      
3.   
o             
  
o           
4.  - 
o              
o               
 
1.   
o            
o :       
2.    ()
o          
o        
3.   
o           
o    ,         
4.  
o -            
o              

 :             
   ,      ,    
Easy2Siksha.com
  ,            : 
,      
 :             OLS 
        -,  
 -        ,    
,         
 ,               
             
,     
 -
VII. ()          
()            
 
:VII (a)    -    
                
  :           ?      
            ?
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,               
    :
  ()
-  (AR)
         
1.    (DLM)
                 
      
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔               
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
              
          
           
               
                
   
   ( ):
ₜ = a + b₀ₜ + b₁ₜ₋₁ + b₂ₜ₋₂ + 
:
ₜ =  
ₜ₋₁ =    
ₜ₋₂ =     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
2. -  (AR)
      :
                
   ?  -       
      ₹50,000  ,         
 
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
 -    
 :
ₜ = a + b₁ₜ₋₁ + b₂ₜ₋₂ + 
:
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       
            
  ( )

  
- 

        
   
    
   

      
   

      
     


 , , 
  
 
  
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :
  = X   Y    
- = Y   Y    
VII (b)        
         
    :
           ,      
 
              
  (  )  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ():             
 
   ()
       
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1.  
- Y            
:                 
          ,       
 
       -  ,      

2.   
          ,    
:     ,         
    
3.    
, ,      -     
    
:         
4.   -  
     :





         
5.  
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        ,       
:            
    ?
   :
    
      
     
     
       
   
    /      
1.     
       ,    
:      ;      
       
2.     
        ,   ()  
: ₜ = a + b ₜ + c ₜ₋₁
        
3.     ( )
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     
 : 
 :
Δ = ₜ − ₜ₋₁
        
-     
4.    ()
    ,  OLS     GLS   
    
 :
- 
- 
           
5.      
        
:         ,      
  
         :
           
-          
        
  ,  , -  
  ,    ,  , 
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     
 Xₜ₋₁ 
-ₜ₋₁ 
  ₜ₋₁
VIII. (a)       
()              
   
:(a)    
   ?
              
      0  1           
     
:             ,   
    :
 = 1
 = 0
 ,  (  )         
   
1.    
o      , ,        
    
o    ,        
2.    
o             
o :  (1)   (0)     
3.    
o   ,        
o :            (1 =  
, 0 =   )
4.     
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o        
o :     Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4     
5.   
o                 
o :              ;
     

   ,          
                , 
    
()            
-  ?
-               , 
     
  (-  ):   
  (-):          

:   ,            ,  -
 
-    ?
     ,       
     ,       
   -    
-      
1.  
o       
o   (   )   ,  -    
2. - 
o - -          

o  0  4    :
 2 →    
Easy2Siksha.com
2    -
2    -
3. - 
o   , - -   
o        
4. 
o      
o       (/   ) -
    
-  
1.    
o         
2.    ()
o            
3. - 
o - -      
4. -  
o -             

 :            
    ,  ,        
    ,   -    
 
-:              
 OLS         -,
-          ,    GLS,
-      
             
       ,      